International Quality Management System - Practice exam Coursework

Worldwide Quality Management System - Practice test - Coursework Example Conveying quality items and administrations additionally help in building a notoriety for business, which impacts the accomplishment of upper hand (Goetsch and Davis, 2013). Much of the time, organizations look to accomplish accreditation from the global body that perceives quality gauges. The body gives ISO affirmation to organizations that fulfill the universal quality guidelines, which helps in building a company’s brand and notoriety. Quality isn't feasible except if made, implying that the items and administrations having the option to accomplish quality gauges can't occur coincidentally. The accomplishment of value is a procedure since quality aides in the production of significant worth for the two clients and the business. In light of this understanding, organizations have moved from just accomplishing quality, yet enhancing this procedure by applying all out quality administration. Absolute quality administration is a procedure that centers around expanding a company’s serious level through the steady improvement of its capacities. Capacities for this situation incorporate administrations, business forms, workers, items, and the business condition (p. 4). Complete quality administration additionally centers around the ceaselessly accomplishing consumer loyalty at the least expenses. Quality can be accomplished by improving a business’ activity attributes, causing the items to be tough, solid and the highlights of the item. Juran characterized quality as ‘fitness for use’ and was of the conviction that cash was the language that is for the most part utilized in the executives. Juran built up the Juran’s set of three that had quality improvement, quality control and quality arranging as the three primary components. In quality arranging, Juran implied that it is significant for a business to recognize its clients and their needs before setting out on the way toward conveying quality (p. 10). When these components have been distinguished, a business can have the option to create items and administrations that can address the issues of the clients. For this

Irelands Big Wind, 1839

Ireland's Big Wind, 1839 In rustic Irish people group of the mid 1800s climate anticipating was definitely not exact. There are numerous stories of individuals who were privately venerated for precisely anticipating turns in the climate. However without the science we currently underestimate, climate occasions were frequently seen through the crystal of strange notion. One specific tempest in 1839 was impossible to miss to the point that provincial people in the west of Ireland, shocked by its savagery, dreaded it could be the apocalypse. Some accused the â€Å"fairies,† and expand people stories sprang from the occasion. The individuals who survived the â€Å"Big Wind† always remembered it. Furthermore, thus the unpleasant tempest became, after seven decades, a well known inquiry planned by the British administrators who administered Ireland. The Great Storm Battered Ireland Snow fell across Ireland on Saturday, January 5, 1839. Sunday morning unfolded with overcast spread that added up to a common Irish sky in winter. The day was hotter than expected, and the snow from the prior night started to soften. By late morning it started to rain intensely, and the precipitation coming in off the north Atlantic gradually spread eastbound. By early night substantial breezes started to yell. And afterward on Sunday night a life-changing wrath was released. Typhoon power twists started to player the west and north of Ireland as a monstrosity storm thundered out of the Atlantic. For the greater part of the night, until not long before day break, the breezes destroyed the open country, removing huge trees, detaching covered rooftops houses, and toppling horse shelters and church towers. There were even reports that grass was removed slopes. As the most exceedingly awful piece of the tempest happened in the hours after 12 PM, families crouched in all out obscurity, scared by the determined wailing breezes and hints of demolition. Someâ homes burst into flames when the peculiar breezes impacted down smokestacks, tossing hot coals from hearths all through houses. Setbacks and Damage Paper reports guaranteed that in excess of 300 individuals were murdered in the breeze storm, however precise figures are hard to nail down. There were reports of houses crumbling on individuals just as houses catching fire. There’s no uncertainty there was extensive death toll just as numerous wounds. A huge number were made destitute, and the financial annihilation exacted on a populace that was about continually confronting starvation more likely than not been monstrous. Stores of food intended to last through the winter had been devastated and dispersed. Domesticated animals and sheep were executed in tremendous numbers. Wild creatures and winged animals were moreover murdered, and crows and jackdaws were about made wiped out in certain pieces of the nation. What's more, it must be remembered that the tempest struck in a period before government debacle reaction programs existed. The individuals influenced basically needed to fight for themselves. The Big Wind In a Folklore Tradition The tural Irish had confidence in the â€Å"wee people,† what we consider today leprechauns or pixies. Furthermore, custom held that the blowout day of a specific holy person, Saint Ceara, which was hung on January 5, was the point at which these extraordinary creatures would hold an incredible gathering. As the strong breeze storm had struck Ireland on the day after the banquet of Saint Ceara, a narrating convention built up that the small individuals held their amazing gathering the evening of January 5, and chose to leave Ireland. As they left the next night, they made the Big Wind. Administrators Used The Big Wind as a Milestone The evening of January 6, 1839 was so significantly vital that it was constantly referred to in Ireland as the Big Wind, or The Night of the Big Wind. The Night of the Big Wind shapes a period, clarified a reference book distributed in the mid twentieth century. Things date from it: such and something like this occurred before the Big Wind, when I was a kid. An eccentricity in Irish convention was that birthday celebrations were never celebrated in the nineteenth century, and no extraordinary notice was given to exactly how old somebody was. Records of births were frequently not kept cautiously by common specialists. This makes issues for genealogists today (who for the most part need to depend on chapel area baptismal records). What's more, it made issues for civil servants in the mid twentieth century. In 1909 the British government, which was all the while administering Ireland, established an arrangement of mature age benefits. When managing the rustic populace of Ireland, where the set up accounts may be inadequate, the fierce tempest that blew in from the north Atlantic 70 years sooner end up being helpful. One of the inquiries posed of old individuals was in the event that they could recall the Big Wind. On the off chance that they would, they be able to qualified for a benefits.

Blog Archive The Dos and Donts of GMAT CATs, Part 1

Blog Archive The Dos and Don’ts of GMAT CATs, Part 1 With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything.  Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. What are the Dos and Don’ts to get the most out of your CATs? Learn more in this three-part series. Know WHY you take CATs Practice CATs are very useful for three things: (1) Figuring out your current scoring level (assuming you took the test under official conditions) (2) Practicing stamina and/or timing (3) Analyzing your strengths and weaknesses The third item is the MOST importantâ€"this is how we actually get better at this test! Practice CATs do not help us to improve  while  taking the test. If you have been training to run a marathon, you will not learn how to get better while running the marathon itself; at that stage, you are just trying to survive. Rather, you learn how to improve in between races while doing all kinds of training activities and analyzing your performance. DO take a CAT at the beginning of your study Many people put off taking their first CAT, often because they say that they have not studied yet, so they know they will not do well. Your goal in taking your first CAT is NOT to do “well.” Your goal is simply to get a handle on your strengths and weaknesses. Whatever they are, you want to know them right away so you can prioritize your study. One caveat: Familiarizing yourself with the five question types before that first exam (particularly Data Sufficiency) is important, but  definitely do not worry about learning all of the formulas and grammar rules. Your first test performance will tell you what you do and do not yet know. One caution in particular here: a decent percentage of the people who put off their first CAT do so because they are feeling significant anxiety about taking the test. These are the people who  do  need to take that first test earlyâ€"pushing off the practice tests will just exacerbate your anxiety. DON’T take a CAT more than once a week Have you ever had this happen? You take a CAT and you get a disappointing score. Maybe you even really mess things upâ€"run out of time or finish 20 minutes earlyâ€"and your score plummets. So, a couple of days later, you take another CAT to “prove” to yourself that the bad test was just a fluke. If you have ever done that, you wasted your time and a practice CAT, both of which are very valuable. That bad test was  not  a fluke. Something happened to cause that performance. Figure out what that thing was and fix it before you spend another 3.5 hours taking a second test. In fact, whether you like the score or not, whenever you take a CAT, do not waste time taking another until you have addressed whatever issues popped up during your analysis of the first test. (This article will help you analyze MGMAT CATs.) Share ThisTweet GMAT Blog Archive The Dos and Don’ts of GMAT CATs, Part 1 With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything.  Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. What are the Dos and Don’ts to get the most out of your CATs? Learn more in this three-part series. Know WHY you take CATs Practice CATs are very useful for three things: (1) Figuring out your current scoring level (assuming you took the test under official conditions) (2) Practicing stamina and/or timing (3) Analyzing your strengths and weaknesses The third item is the MOST importantâ€"this is how we actually get better at this test! Practice CATs do not help us to improve  while taking the test. If you have been training to run a marathon, you will not learn how to get better while running the marathon itself; at that stage, you are just trying to survive. Rather, you learn how to improve in between races while doing all kinds of training activities and analyzing your performance. DO take a CAT at the beginning of your study Many people put off taking their first CAT, often because they say that they have not studied yet, so they know they will not do well. Your goal in taking your first CAT is NOT to do “well.” Your goal is simply to get a handle on your strengths and weaknesses. Whatever they are, you want to know them right away so you can prioritize your study. One caveat: Familiarizing yourself with the five question types before that first exam (particularly Data Sufficiency) is important, but  definitely do not worry about learning all of the formulas and grammar rules. Your first test performance will tell you what you do and do not yet know. One caution in particular here: a decent percentage of the people who put off their first CAT do so because they are feeling significant anxiety about taking the test. These are the people who  do need to take that first test earlyâ€"pushing off the practice tests will just exacerbate your anxiety. DON’T take a CAT more than once a week Have you ever had this happen? You take a CAT and you get a disappointing score. Maybe you even really mess things upâ€"run out of time or finish 20 minutes earlyâ€"and your score plummets. So, a couple of days later, you take another CAT to “prove” to yourself that the bad test was just a fluke. If you have ever done that, you wasted your time and a practice CAT, both of which are very valuable. That bad test was  not  a fluke. Something happened to cause that performance. Figure out what that thing was and fix it before you spend another 3.5 hours taking a second test. In fact, whether you like the score or not, whenever you take a CAT, do not waste time taking another until you have addressed whatever issues popped up during your analysis of the first test. (This article will help you analyze MGMAT CATs.) Share ThisTweet GMAT Blog Archive The Dos and Don’ts of GMAT CATs, Part 1 With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything. Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. What are the Dos and Don’ts to get the most out of your CATs? Learn more in this three-part series. Know WHY you take CATs Practice CATs are very useful for three things: (1) Figuring out your current scoring level (assuming you took the test under official conditions) (2) Practicing stamina and/or timing (3) Analyzing your strengths and weaknesses The third item is the MOST importantâ€"this is how we actually get better at this test! Practice CATs do not help us to improve  while  taking the test. If you have been training to run a marathon, you will not learn how to get better while running the marathon itself; at that stage, you are just trying to survive. Rather, you learn how to improve in between races while doing all kinds of training activities and analyzing your performance. DO take a CAT at the beginning of your study Many people put off taking their first CAT, often because they say that they have not studied yet, so they know they will not do well. Your goal in taking your first CAT is NOT to do “well.” Your goal is simply to get a handle on your strengths and weaknesses. Whatever they are, you want to know them right away so you can prioritize your study. One caveat: Familiarizing yourself with the five question types before that first exam (particularly Data Sufficiency) is important, but  definitely do not worry about learning all of the formulas and grammar rules. Your first test performance will tell you what you do and do not yet know. One caution in particular here: a decent percentage of the people who put off their first CAT do so because they are feeling significant anxiety about taking the test. These are the people who  do  need to take that first test earlyâ€"pushing off the practice tests will just exacerbate your anxiety. DON’T take a CAT more than once a week Have you ever had this happen? You take a CAT and you get a disappointing score. Maybe you even really mess things upâ€"run out of time or finish 20 minutes earlyâ€"and your score plummets. So, a couple of days later, you take another CAT to “prove” to yourself that the bad test was just a fluke. If you have ever done that, you wasted your time and a practice CAT, both of which are very valuable. That bad test was  not  a fluke. Something happened to cause that performance. Figure out what that thing was and fix it before you spend another 3.5 hours taking a second test. In fact, whether you like the score or not, whenever you take a CAT, do not waste time taking another until you have addressed whatever issues popped up during your analysis of the first test. (This article will help you analyze MGMAT CATs.) Share ThisTweet GMAT

Essay on Free Will of the Gods in The Odyssey - 1374 Words

In life, human nature is the only thing that never changes, even as humans progress and evolve. Humans all have the same wants and needs. We need love, compassion, and we want to be happy. In Homers the Odyssey, the characters have strong opinions and act out of their own free will, but at the same time, the will of the gods keeps coming up as a force that directs events. Although the gods have power against the mortals, free will is a force much greater then any other power known to mortals and even the gods. In the Odyssey, the gods and the mortals defiantly had major issues with each other. The gods and goddesses know they have extreme power and feel the need to prove it as many times as possible. I believe its a whole†¦show more content†¦The mortals are the ants, and Odysseus is the leader ant. Though the gods have the power to play with the mortals in any which way they choose, the mortals have something stronger, free will. Free will is truly the only thing that mortals have over the gods. Odysseus free will is what drives him back to Penelope. When Odysseus is with Kalypso on her island he wants to get back to Ithaka especially to be with Penelope. Even the goddess cant make change his feelings. Odysseus might tempererly forget but, something always triggers his memory to remind him of what his heart really longs for, his wife. His eyes were never wiped dry of tears, and the sweet lifetime was drained out of him, as he wept for a way home, since the nymph was no longer pleasing to him. By nights he would lay beside her, of necessity, In the hollow caverns, against his will, by one who was willing, But all the days he would sit upon the rocks, at the seaside, Breaking his heart in tears and lamentation and sorrow. (Homer, Bk. V, 151-158) Therefore, Kalypso being the philanthropic goddess she is gave Odysseus what he wanted. She could no longer hold him against his will. The goddess was not enough to make him forget what he missed. Odysseus knows better than anyone does how hard it is to resist temptation. For in truth Kalypso, shining among divinities,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Free Will and Fate in the Odyssey1574 Words   |  7 PagesHomer’s View of Free Will and Fate in the Odyssey Free will and fate are both prominent in the Odyssey. In the Odyssey, free will is depicted whenever characters make decisions. In example, Odysseus blinds the Cyclops, Polyphemus. Fate, in the Odyssey, is the consequences that are dealt out due to certain actions. In the case of Odysseus and Polyphemus, the consequence is that when Odysseus is on a ship heading home to reach Ithaca, Poseidon, being the father of Polyphemus, sends a storm atRead MoreThe Role Of Fate In Greek Mythology1288 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we look at Greek Mythology we often run into the gods of that era. Sometimes they are merely backdrops to the human element of the story but in stories such as The Odyssey the gods play a prominent if not vital role to the central themes of the story. Fate has a place in the Greek world but is place is not the same as it is in other scenarios or worlds. It is important to understand the word before we discuss it. Fate as far as Greek mythology goes is not just fate, by most standards fate isRead MoreFree Will Or Fate?1098 Words   |  5 PagesBayley Neville Dr. Roberts English 235 October 5, 2015 Free Will or Fate? How does Odysseus decline Circe’s offer to become immortal? How does Don Quixote become a knight? Was it free will or fate? Some may say that the Odyssey is completely fate based and Don Quixote is entirely based on free will, but the two hold more similarities than you may realize. Homer, the writer of The Odyssey, focuses mainly on the god’s influence of Odysseus’s travels home. Miguel De Cervantes, writer of Don QuixoteRead MoreComparison Between The Odyssey And The Iliad1068 Words   |  5 Pages In the novel The Odyssey, the author Homer describes an outcry against death; whereas in the Iliad death is portrayed as an accomplishment., Both were in the times that is also known as Before Common Era, or BCE. It is known that Iliad begins 10 years before the great Seige of Troy and eventually the odyssey had begun a couple years after that(Classical Lit). When Homer had written these novels it is clear that they have numerous lines, and Homer had written both. In the novel The IliadRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey, The Epic Of The Classical Era Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment 1 Prompt 1 Homer’s Odyssey is one of the many epic of the classical era to give an detailed overlook on the relationship between humans and gods. Odyssey is not just an adventure story about a king struggling to get back home after having gone to war; nor is it one about a son searching for his father after rumors say that he has been dead for many years. The events that take place in Homer’s Odyssey are heavily influenced by the Greek Gods. One can see how the gods interaction with humans affectsRead More Odysseus’ Search for Purpose in Homers Odyssey Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesOdysseus’ Search for Purpose in The Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a wayfarer in life, The Odyssey focuses on life’s greater purpose through the fulfillment of destiny, perseverance, and loyalty. These three themes recur continuously throughout Odysseus’ journey, molding life’s greater vision. Odysseus comes to understand his purpose in life by remaining true to these major themes as he faces and conquers each obstacle in his journey. The overarching theme of The Odyssey is the belief that man cannot escapeRead More The Gods in Homers The Iliad and The Odyssey Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Gods in Homers The Iliad and The Odyssey The stories told in the Iliad and Odyssey are based on stories handed down over several generations, for they preserve (as we have seen) memories of an already quiet far distant past. The two pomes show clear connection in their language and style, in the manner in which their incidents presented, and in the combination of agreement with level, which distinguish their creation. The work was written by one author but gave two diverse views on theRead MoreHow Fate and Free Will Play a Part in the Odyssey816 Words   |  4 PagesHow Fate and Free Will Play a Part in The Odyssey Fate and free will are epic subjects in life. When we cannot control something we blame it on fate, but we try to change the way things are with our free will. Fate is something unknown that determines what will happen. It may seem like a coincidence or may feel like an omen, but it is something no person controls for oneself. Fate, to some, may be in the hands of a higher power such as gods or God. For others fate is merely something that happenedRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Odysseus And The Odyssey951 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals, blame their misfortune on their gods. Unlike modern theology, though, Greeks also have Fate to blame. The gods and Fates both work together and against each other to control human lives in Greek literature. The Fates’ prophecies set outlines for human lives, like when they survive, who they kill, and how they die. The gods have the power to effect all other aspects of human lives. Humans can, in some ways, reject the attention of the gods. In The Odyssey, Odysseus deals with all three in orderRead MoreRole of Gods and Goddesses in the Oddyssey Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesThere are multiple different gods and goddesses in the Odyssey and each use their powers in different ways. Many gods try to help Odysseys get home to Ithaca whilst others try to stop or prolong his journey, they were extremely important to the success of the Odyssey. Zeus has the ultimate power throughout the book although he doesn’t appear very often. He is the god of fate and destiny and so he decided what would happen to Odysseus but other gods, goddesses and monsters change when it will happen

The Facade Of Universal Inclusion - 1539 Words

1482568 17 May 2016 Politics 4 Professor Mathiowetz TA: Covina Kwan The Facade of Universal Inclusion John Locke developed the political philosophy known as liberalism which in his â€Å"Second Treatise of Government† is centered around freedom, equality, the social contract and consent (explicit and tacit). Liberalism promotes the idea of universal inclusion of all. Drawing from Hanna Pitkin, a larger more inclusive image of liberalism would also include obligation. This paper will argue that a fuller image of liberalism is not a prescription to end white citizenship, because universal inclusion will not address the root issue that white citizenship is inherently etched indelibly into the fabric of American politics. Opponents may argue†¦show more content†¦Universal inclusion leads to colorblindness because universal inclusion remove whiteness because everyone will be included. The problem with universal inclusion is that citizenship as standing is an end. In his book, â€Å"The Abolition of White Democracy,† Joel Olson argu es that because citizenship is an end, once achieved the recipients become deactivated. Olson provides a historical context in which white democracy was created. Democracy and racism thrive on a parasitic relationship; therefore, white citizenship was created in a context of slavery. To establish and grow white citizenship, it was fundamentally necessary to create a â€Å"non-citizen† (Olson 43). The non-citizen was the minority, and the label of the non-citizen was easily applicable to the newly freed slaves. In modern day, every non-white is a non-citizen. Even with the banishment of slavery, white democracy still exists due to the â€Å"systematic exclusion of Black people† that has been maintained and furthered by the persistent structure of white democracy (Olson 37). Locke’s version of liberalism fails because in his perspective citizenship is all about citizenship as standing. Even if everyone is included, the certainty of them being free and equal is unknown. Olson would disagree because even if the Blacks are legally free and equally, Blacks are still indelibly linked to slavery and the degraded status they once had (Olson 53). Even if universal citizenship becomes broadly diffused,

Industry Analysis The Tattoo Industry - 1955 Words

Industry Analysis Industry Review Introduction: Our product, temporary tattoo ink, is going to be produced to meet the needs of many people who are looking for a fun yet safe method of altering the skin without the long term consequences that permanent tattoos can causes on people who undergo these type of procedures. This industry is a combination of several factors put together that create an always-growing business for tattoo industry. The tattoo industry is developed around a variety of tattoo artist that uses their create abilities and skills to showcase their art by attracting people willing to go through a tattoo process. The quality of the artist is a big part of the success in this industry, since that’s what drives the customer demand, causing a wave of business that will benefit all the companies involved in the industry. Since the artist required stable locations to offer their services while earning a good reputation and following industry standards, the real state industry is also part of this business, as the re is a need for good locations that can provide tattoo shop owners with a good flow of customers. Also part of this industry are ink and tattoo product manufacturers who provide materials for artists to be able to develop their art and provide a service. This is the part of the industry we are trying to enter since there is always a constant demand for newer and better products to increase the quality and options for clients to choose from. MedicalShow MoreRelatedComparative analysis Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Comparative Analysis of Josie Appleton’s article â€Å"The Body Piercing Project† and Bonnie Berkowitz’ â€Å"Tattooing Outgrows Its Renegade Image to Thrive In The Mainstream†. Traditionally, tattoos were meant for sailors, soldiers, bikers and gangs. Along with several changes in the industrialized and technological society of the twenty-first century, the standard for getting body modifications have altered as well. Everyday, people are willing to get permanently marked as an individual choice ratherRead MoreTattoos Piercings in the Workplace Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesTattoos amp; Piercings in the Workplace PHI221 Shelley Hipps College America Abstract This paper focuses on the subject of whether or not tattoos and piercings should be allowed in the workplace. There are a lot of resources arguing that they should not be allowed, but this research maintains the point that they should be more accepted in the workplace these days. This paper concludes by discussing how tattoos and piercings are much more of an artistic expression rather than a form of rebellionRead MoreTattoos Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesMasten, Martin, 2000; FrederickBradley, 2000). Tattoos have been around for years they were once used to identify slaves, seaman, criminals and others who made their association to a particular group. Tattoos have always had a negative connotation attached to it. There seemed to be a shift in popularity as Americans seen more and more celebrities sporting tattoos. At one point, tattoos were seen as a fad or a sign of rebellion for some. Tattoos no longer were seen as bad or deviant, but as a formRead MoreTattoos And Body Of Tatt oos Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesTattoos and body pierced has been in our society for many years. Back then when tattoos was not a thing, many culture and religion used to inked their skin. In 1920s tattoos was common on prisoner, sailor, bikers, and that is why a huge part of of the population does not accept tattoos. Now, these days the art of tattoos is increasing, making a lot of money every year. These days people are getting more and more tattoos, making themselves addicted to it. Body art is used by people to express theirRead MoreAfter Information On Permanent Cosmetics990 Words   |  4 PagesPermanent cosmetics does have a lot of admin to it. The procedure has to be carefully planned because you work with real people and it is an internal treatment were blood is involve. There will always be a consultation were medical history and skin analysis will be taken. Photographs must be taken for evidence; desired design and colour must be discuss before the treatment begin (a lways make double sure with the client); the procedure then be perform; and the aftercare requirements will be discuss.Read MoreMy Lifetime Intrigue With Tattoos Essay2074 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction My lifetime intrigue with tattoos has led me to research the history and culture surrounding tattooing. I have already collected several pieces, both small and large, on my body and am endlessly curious about the culture of body modification. The objective of my research is to discover the ancient history of body art, the social and cultural significances and stigmas of tattoos, as well as to discover the process of getting a custom tattoo. After defining my objectives and doingRead MoreThe Place for Diversity Multimedia Analysis1086 Words   |  5 PagesMy Place: The Place for Diversity Multimedia Analysis COMM 315/Diversity Issues in Communication November 4, 2010 Barbara Lach-Smith Although, I am not the type of person who judges people based on their superficial characteristics, after reviewing the examples depicted in the multimedia analysis, I did find myself judging people based on superficialRead MoreQuestions On Financial Plan For Tempshadow Ink1629 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelop the temporary tattoo ink. The company plans to hire the RD Company Cargill. The contract states that an ink will need to be developed within 6 months of the starting date, January 2015. Once the tattoo ink is developed, TempShadow Ink will begin a two-year testing phase with volunteer test subjects. This will happen from mid-2015 through mid-2017. The start-up funding will last about two and a half years. At that time, the goal is to have the ink distributed to tattoo parlors around theRead MoreDiscrimination And Self Image Of The Music Industry1191 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-image in the music industry Wilfred Jengo Community College Of Philadelphia Abstract In American society, the media creates impossible expectations for women of African decent. Women are given unrealistic standards to achieve (Melissa, 2009). The music industry is particularly sensitive to these types of expectations created for women in society. This paper will give an analysis of how image affects successRead MoreArt Students On Business Skills And Entrepreneurship1695 Words   |  7 Pagesentrepreneurship. London, as the world s fashion capital, is the best place to learn the arts and has many top art colleges (Fashion.telegraph.co.uk, 2015). This contributed to the fashion industry having a large number of graduates and new resources each year. However, the high tuition fees are not making the fashion industry easily accessible to all of the students. Among them, some of the art students who want to venture into it but there unable to meet the requirements on business knowledge and experience(The

Human Interference Theory and Application †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Queston: Discuss about the Human Interference Theory and Its Application in UAEs Banks Organizations to Attract More Customers. Answer: Human interference theory is a theory related to the field of psychology and is associated with the human memory. The human brain creates a repository of the acquired experiences in the past, by the individual, in the form of memories. The individual accesses these stored records while making decisions. The human interference theory explains the issues that occur when an individual is involved in the process of learning. This study aims to explain and provide an overview into the human interference theory and its relation to representativeness heuristic and availability heuristic ("Interference theory | freudforthought", 2017) Literature Review The research into the human interference theory dates back to the year of 1892 when a German psychologist had conducted an experiment with a group of volunteers. The participants were asked to sort a deck of cards into two respective piles based on words. When the location of the second pile was changed, it was observed that the participants took more time to arrange the cards. This indicated that the extra consumption of time that was taken by the participants was due to the effect of the interference of the human memory through the previously learned materials. The two major types of interference that obstruct an individuals ability to remember or reminisce a particular though or experience are: Proactive interference Retroactive interference Proactive interference refers to process of forgetting of acquired information pertaining to previous experience due to the fact that interference has been occurring from the learning of or traces collected from previous events that have taken place before happening of the current event that has to be remembered (Anderson Bower, 2014). Essentially the proactive interference is assumed to have occurred when a particular event or stimulus that had previously affected an individual seem to have interfered with the memory of the individual (Cormier Hagman, 2014). Proactive interference usually is created when the subject is trying to collect information from the similar domain that is the individual is gathering memories from the similar contexts. Proactive interference may also occur when the subject is asked to identify whether a particular material has been present in the previously learned list. Some experts associate the proactive interference theory with the short-term memory of the brain. Delos Wickens, an well known American psychologist discovered that when the list of materials that is being learned by a particular individual is changed, proactive interference takes place and all of this is processed by the brain of the individual in short-term memory ("Interference theory | freudforthought", 2017) Some of the famous experiments that had been conducted in order to evidently prove the existence of the proactive interference theory, had been done with the help of list. The experiment was conducted in order to observe the effect of proactive interference when the subject or subjects deal with multiple lists. The list used by the researchers consisted of ten paired adjectives. The participant or the volunteers of the experiment were given the task of learning the list by heart in order to correctly recall at least eight out of ten paired adjectives. After a span of forty-eight hours, the participants could successfully recall seven out of ten listed items on an average basis. However, the participants who had been given a new list after learning of the first one, could only recall forty percent of the previous list. The participants who had been provided a third list for the purpose of learning could only memorize twenty five percent of it (Cartwright, 2016). This clearly indicated that proactive interference of memory had restricted them to recall a good percentage of the previously listed items. Another important finding from the experiment was that the effect of proactive interference was less when the test was conducted immediately and also when the new list of targets was completely different from the previously learned lists. This is because proactive interference did could not affect much in this case as the subject or the memory acquired was not of the similar context. The second experiment that was conducted was span performance which was conducted in order to test the capacity of the working memory. The same result was obtained in this experiment too. The researchers found out that the ability of an individual to perform in the given task as part of the experiment reduced in the later trials. Retroactive interference on the other hand refers to the occurrence or phenomena when a newly acquired memory or learned information interferes with recalling of the previously learned information. Retroactive interference is primarily the decreasing capability of an individual to recall of the previously acquired learning or information due to recalling and learning of new information. Retroactive interference is said to have much larger effect than proactive interference because this phenomenon not only includes the process of forgetting but also the process of unlearning. For instance, an well known retroactive interference experiment that was conducted by a psychologist, Briggs, was of the name modified free recall. Under this experiment, the participants were asked to learn 12 paired associates which were labeled as A1-B1, A2-B2. Briggs asked the participants to recall an item at the time of cueing with the entire chain of B. The participants after multiple trials did learn the B chain items. After perfectly learning the A1-B1 items, the participants were given a new list of paired associates to learn (Donnelly, 2013). However, the B chain was replaced with the C chain. It was observed that gradually the recalling of the C chain items was much more than recalling of the B chain items. This indicated the occurrence of retroactive interference. Another important fact that was noted from the experiment was that when the participants were again tested after a span of twenty-four hours, it was founded that the recalling of the B chain was much more than the recalling of the C chain, thus, signifying that retroactive interference was a result of the memory dominance by the newly acquired memory. ("Interference theory | freudforthought", 2017). The retroactive interference is highly significant as it paved way for the debate between the experts as to which is the real reason for forgetting. Some experts supported the fact that the process of forgetting a particular memory was due to the interference of some other competing stimuli. Other experts were in favor of the fact that forgetting was a resultant effect of unlearning. Retroactive interference wins the support of most of the experts as they are of the opinion that the newly acquired memories or learning of information is always more dominant and therefore, always wins the competition with the older associations making it impossible for the individual to recall the previously learned information that is resulting in unlearning. (s3.amazonaws.com, retrieved November, 2017). Now, the term heuristic refers to the shortcut mental processes that the brain hires in order to facilitate the decision-making processes. An individual is taking decision or making judgments at every moment of his life. This means that these decision making processes go on all the time. In order to simplify the task of making a decision or determining a choice from a number of options the mind of an individual utilizes efficient strategies of thinking which are essentially known as heuristics. A heuristic fundamentally is a mental shortcut that is undertaken by an individual by the mind of an individual in order to simplify the decision making process without having to spend much time on researching and analyzing the gathered information. For instance, an individual walking on the road if finds a small pit or pothole on the road, he or she will go by that pit or pothole or if possible will take the alternative road. The individual will not instead, assess the depth of the pothole an d carry out analysis of other related information in order to examine his chances of crossing it by jumping ("Types of Heuristics: Availability, Representativeness Base-Rate - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2017). Availability heuristic refers to the illusion of thinking an event to be common and associating the occurrence of such an event to be high. Essentially, availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that helps an individual to make a decision based on the easy availability of ideas or examples while making a judgment. For instance, when an individual is asked about the percentage of crimes that involve violence, each and every individual indicates a high percentage because of the fact that the crimes that involve violence are highlighted on the news. This compels the mind of an individual to think that the occurrence of such an event is plenty. Therefore, they associate the occurrence of such an event with a higher number of instances. However, when researched it is found out that violent crimes only form a meager part of the total part of criminal activity. This phenomenon is known as availability heuristic. Representativeness heuristic on the other hand refers to a mental shortcut that helps an individual in making a decision by associating or comparing gathered information with the mental prototypes. For instance, the description of an old woman who is warm and loves children much is assumed to be falling into the domain of a grandmother, therefore, the mind of the individual associates her with the mental prototype of a grandmother. Representativeness heuristic allows an individual to take decision quickly without giving much thought to the situation ("Types of Heuristics: Availability, Representativeness Base-Rate - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2017) The relationship between the human interference theory and representativeness and availability heuristic is that proper training of the mind on representativeness heuristic and availability heuristic can challenge the process of forgetting or the effects of retroactive interference or proactive interference on the memory of the individual. Proactive interference is similar to the process of representativeness heuristic. The association of the newly acquired information to the previously gathered mental prototypes is essentially what is referred to as proactive interference. Therefore, proper training of the mind of an individual to associate the currently acquired information to the mental prototypes after proper analysis and judgment may reduce the effect of proactive interference . (s3.amazonaws.com, retrieved November, 2017). On the other hand the retroactive interference or the unlearning process may be reduced with the help of proper training on availability heuristic. The illus ion of thinking the occurrence of a certain event to be more than what the actual rate, refers to availability heuristic. Therefore, it essentially gives more importance to the currently acquired information rather than what the previous instances have been. Therefore, training of the mind to pose a balance between the occurrence of a commonly acquired information and the real availability or occurrence of the event can reduce the dominance of the currently acquired information on the previous learning. Thus, the effects of retroactive interference can be reduced (Heath Bryant, 2013). Conclusion Thus it is clear from the above discussion that both the human interference theory and the concept of heuristic has a major implication on the decision making process of an individual. This means that an individual who has learned to pose a balance between the mental shortcuts of availability and representativeness heuristic has also learnt to reduce the effects of proactive and retroactive interference theory. It can also be concluded that heuristics as a part of psychology has been developed in order to understand and remedy the interference of the human memory by proactive and retroactive interference. References Interference theory | freudforthought. (2017). Freudforthought.wordpress.com. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from https://freudforthought.wordpress.com/tag/interference-theory/ Anderson, J. R., Bower, G. H. (2014). Human associative memory. Psychology press. Cormier, S. M., Hagman, J. D. (Eds.). (2014). Transfer of learning: Contemporary research and applications. Academic Press. Cartwright, J. (2016). Evolution and Human Behaviour: Darwinian Perspectives on the Human Condition. Palgrave Macmillan. Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press. (2017). Retrieved 22 November 2017, from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/40574864/Mechanisms_and_neuronal_networks_involve20151202-28212-19wmnjf.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1511297566Signature=0o8xSrhAFVt%2BMY4HHA5g582qpJc%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DMechanisms_and_neuronal_networks_involve.pdf Types of Heuristics: Availability, Representativeness Base-Rate - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2017). Study.com. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/heuristics.html Heath, R. L., Bryant, J. (2013). Human communication theory and research: Concepts, contexts, and challenges. Routledge.

The Young Offenders Act - The Truth Essays (544 words)

The Young Offenders Act - The Truth? The Young Offenders Act - The Truth? This essay was written to show the advantages and disadvantages of the Young Offenders Act over the previous Juvenile Delinquents Act. Also it should give a theoretical understanding of the current Canadian Juvenile-Justice system, the act and it's implications and the effects of the young offenders needs and mental health on the outcome of the trials. In the interest of society the young offenders act was brought forth on april second 1984. This act was created to ensure the rights and the needs of a young person. Alan W. Leshied says "On one hand the justice and legal objectives of the act are being effectively realized while on the other hand the needs and treatment aspects of it leave much to be desired." The research of the Young offenders act is still ongoing but Leshied says that it is becoming clear that the custody positions have been in dispute since the act came into effect. The old Juvenile delinquency act states in section 38 "The care and custody and discipline of a juvenile delinquent shall approximate as nearly as maybe that which should be given by his parents, and... as far as practability every juvenile delinquent shall be treated, not as a criminal, but as a misguided and misdirected child . . . needing aid, encouragement, help and assistance."(Page 72) If a youth is close to the adult age of 18 years they could be transfered to the adult justice system. This means that they would be given the same sentences as an adult including and up to life in prison. Many people have tried to correct this problem that they see as a weakness. Yet, so far their attempts have failed. Another weakness they find, is that the courts are expensive and unsatisfactory methods of dealing with crime that is not very serious. Before the fabrication of legal aid most young offenders were not able to obtain legal services. "Subsection 11 (4) provides that, were a young person wishes to obtain counsel but is not able to do so, the youth-court judge shall refer the young person to the provincial legal-aid, or assistance program. If no such program is available or the young person is unable to obtain counsel through an available program, the youth court judge may, and on the request of the young person shall direct the young person to be represented by counsel." To establish a relationship between the young offender and the lawyer, thew lawyer must be able to receive instructions from his/her client. Usually there is little difficulty either receiving or carrieing out the instructions of his/her client. Special problems can arise when the client is a young person. The problems faced by this, is the young person may not be able to communicate with counsel. While the lawyer and young person need not a specific statement for the client as to a preferred outcome it should take form of a general expression of the client's feelings or attitudes in the major issues of the precedings the young person must be able to make decisions that may hold significant repercussions. Mental health of the young offender can also be a problem. Currently this issue is not addressed in the Young Offenders Act, before the mental health act can be enacted, extremely dangerous behaviour must be displayed. Before the age of 16 they are sometimes placed in hospitals for a short time under the authority of the legal guardians.

Costs of College essays

Costs of College essays Should College Cost be Subsidized More? The government, at both the state and federal level, pays huge amounts of money every year aimed at reducing the costs of attending college. Whether by helping to run an institution, subsidizing its expenses in various ways, or through loans and tax breaks to students and their parents, the government takes on much of the cost of a college education. But tuition costs have still risen substantially over the past years and how big of a role the government should take in the whole process and whether the government should increase or decrease the vast amount of assistance it provides is often debated. Both sides want to improve college attendance and increase the number of people going to college but they differ in how they see when it is that going to college is determined and thus how and when the money should be spent. The position that the government should take a lesser role in paying college costs asserts that for most people, whether or not they attend college is determined very early on in life by the income of the family when they are young. In order to illustrate this point, Heckman shows that while there are countless programs available to help students gain the funds necessary in order to enroll in college, and that while there are many private institutions with high tuitions, the average cost of a community college or public school is not all that high and there are enough loan programs to cover those costs. In fact, many of these programs do not spend the money they are allotted fully and are not taken advantage of by students. He also shows that in the long run, when you take into account the childs intellectual abilities, those abilities account for very little of the difference in attending a college. That who goes to college is in fact determined early on in a childs life, by h ow that family raises the child, not only to help develop the appropriate skill ...

Marketing Plan of Skyvision Airlines Research Paper

Marketing Plan of Skyvision Airlines - Research Paper Example As part of business expansion, the Skyvision Airline is planning to enter full service airline operations. As the company is a key player in the industry, it has wider access to a range of potential resources including human and finance and this capability would be assistable for the organization to deal with business expansion activities. In addition, the company has an expert team of aircraft technicians and engineers, and therefore designing full service airlines may not be a difficult task for the firm. The Skyvision Airlines offers additional services including rent a car, hotel accommodation, and other amenities that can be booked online through the company’s website. Executive summary of marketing plan As the company focuses on a full service airline, high income groups would be the main target segments since low and middle class people may depend on low-fare discount carriers. The company will target customers on the basis of their tastes and specifications. Big players in the US airlines industry including Southwest Airlines and JetBlue Airlines are identified to be the potential competitors to Skyvision Airlines. In addition, the increased pressures from lower cost competitors may also raise serious threats to the company. While analyzing the services offered by the company, it seems that the firm has a range of potential advantages over its competitors. Like the most full service airlines, the Skyvision Airlines also operates aircrafts with cabins that have different three classes of services. The company management has budgeted one billion for this service plan implementation. However, the management is willing to raise additional finance if it becomes necessary. The Skyvision Airlines offers its services in economically as well as technologically developed regions to attract more urban customers. The company has a large number of flight services to industrially developing countries like India and China where thousands of people travel by air every day. As the company offers the full service airlines for the first time, it will charge a relatively lower price at initial stages. Stiff competition from low cost competitors also pressurizes the company to reduce its fare margins. The management has decided to raise its price margins once customers are attracted by its service quality. Description of the target market The company mainly plans to focus rich businessmen, business executives, high salaried employees, and other famous personalities including athletes and individuals from film industry. However, the organization will not ignore other classes of people completely as it also provides ordinary cabins. Nowadays women represent nearly fifty percent of nation’s employment sector and therefore it is necessary to target women and men with equal importance. According to IBM, family customers often choose full service airlines as they give first priority to privacy factor; hence, the company will give great emphasis on family customers while framing its promotional strategies. Skyvision Airlines will focus more on people under the age 55, because most of the old aged people are dependent on their younger family members. The firm intends to specifically target businessmen and other famous personalities since they would use airlines services frequently and continue to be the company’

Apple Stock Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Apple Stock - Research Paper Example According to the study the industry in which Apple operates in can be characterized into external features using Michael Porter’s five forces framework. The industry has barriers to entry due to the significant capital requirements needed to enter. The degree of competition that the industry faces also limits entry of newcomers and the brand identity that each player in the industry creates bars new entrants since they would struggle for any significant market share due to their lack of any brand identity.From this paper it is clear that  there is the constant threat of substitutes that the company faces due to the higher prices that the company imposes on its products as compared to its competitors. Generally, Apple products are highly priced than other similar products in the market, therefore there is that threat that consumers might opt to go for a lower priced commodity from Apple’s rivals. The threat of substitutes is also created due to the nature of the compan y business which is a closed ecosystem and is therefore difficult to switch to any other form of business. There is also the supplier power that Apple as a corporation holds. The company always creates quality products making the company have the power to bargain for a higher price for their products in relation to their competitors.  Apple Inc. is one of the most valuable companies in the world and much of its success is attributed to the sustainable competitive advantage it has created over the years.

Greed and Evil Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucher Essay Example for Free

Greed and Evil Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucher Essay In Chaucers section of the Canterbury Tales, The Pardoners Tale various literary elements occur. He displays personification, and makes death a character, giving him life. He includes a moral to his tale which is greed is the root of all evil(Bible) and gives the story meaning. Chaucers plot is another key part to the story, because it proved greed can bring evil. Chaucer wrote the Pardoners Tale with the theme greed is the root of all evil he was able to show this by using various literary elementsThe moral, greed is the root of all evil(Bible), is displayed through the greediness of the three characters. When the youngest leaves, his mind was able to devise an evil plan caused by greed. His selfishness caused him to do the following, And deftly poured the poison into two. He kept the third one clean, as well he might, For his own drink, meaning to work all night(Chaucer 217-218). The youngest was tempted by greed to commit an evil action. Chaucer wanted the reader to realize money and greed are problems with society. They cause people to commit evil acts. Killing someone for money shows Chaucer wanted one to read this tale and recognize the problems of greed. The Characters are essential to this tale also. Chaucer displays death as a character giving him human traits and personifying him. This personification of death adds a sense of doom and gives a slight fear. Death adds these qualities because dying is like a journey to the unknown, and it naturally scares people to think about it. When Chaucer writes, There came a privy thief, they call him Death, Who kills us all round here(Chaucer 15-16) he attempts to add a sense of fear and terror by saying there is a person who goes around and kills everyone. It is far scarier then using death as a thing that happens instead of using death as a person. Chaucers personification of death improved the story by creating suspense, and terror. The plot of the story is the most important, and uses irony to gives entertainment. The three men went looking for death, and find it to be a heap of gold. The irony of this was that the characters ended up getting killed themselves and on their search for death they met their own death, which was the heap of gold. This ironic occurrence is almost comedic when all three men plan to kill one another and all three men succeed in doing  this. Chaucer writes Thus these two murderers received their due, so did the treacherous young poisoner too.(Chaucer 237-238). The irony here also criticizes greed in humans. It makes fun of the fact that greed really is the root of all evil. Chaucer created this irony for both entertainment and to make a point about greed. In conclusion Chaucer wrote his story with the theme greed is the root of all evil (Bible) and used the literary elements of plot, moral, and characters to achieve this. Chaucer struck fear and added suspense when he personified death. Without personifying death Chaucers story would have been less exciting. Chaucer was ironic with his plot and those who were looking for death found it. This comedic addition also criticized humans and their tendency to be greedy. Chaucer was successful in creating a story which explained how greed is the root of all evil(Bible). Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, ed. Larry D. Benson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000). New Testament in Pauls first epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy 6:10).

Hemophilia :: essays research papers

The genetic disorder which I have chosen as the subject of my report is hemophilia. There are two types of hemophilia, hemophilia-A and hemophilia-B. The clinical symptoms of both are very similar so for the purposes of this paper I have chosen to concentrate on hemophilia-A. Hemophilia-A is an X linked bleeding disorder resulting from a defect in a protein known as coagulation factor VIII. Since the disorder is X linked it is expressed mainly in males, who must have mothers who are carriers. Females who express the disorder must have affected fathers and mothers who are carriers, or who are affected. The level of severity of the disorder breeds true in any given family, which indicates that the phenotypic expression of the disorder reflects the genetic defect. In about 5% of cases, hemophilia-A results from partial deletion of the factor VIII gene, and is severe. Other cases result from a single base mutation in the gene. This can result in nonsense mutations which result in premature stop codons, and a severe expression of the disorder, or missense mutations which cause milder forms of the disorder. In some cases the disorder can also result from spontaneous mutations, but this is less common. The gene for hemophilia-A is located at Xq28 while the gene for hemophilia-B is located at Xq27.1-q27.2. There are about thirty other disorders associated with the Xq28 area including manic depression and favism. This must indicate that Xq28 includes many different genes which have not yet been isolated. The primary symptom of hemophilia is uncontrolled bleeding. The disease can range in severity from a mild increase in bleeding, to massive bleeding from even a minor wound. Treatment involves blood or clotting factor transfusions, and this increases the risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis or other blood transmitted diseases. Since blood banks have started screening and treating blood for HIV, the infection rate has dropped to almost nothing. However,prior to 1985 almost half the hemophiliac population was infected with HIV. Defects in the factor VIII gene are so numerous in type that doctors cannot easily test for each one of them. By doing a series of genetic tests a definitive answer can be given about 60 to 80 percent of the time. By combining the genetic tests with a blood test, this percentage rises to about 80 to 90 percent. Recently a single defect was found which is thought to account for about half of the more severe cases of hemophilia.

Balco Employee’s Union V. Union of India

BALCO Employee’s Union v. Union of India – Significance in Administrative Law. Administrative decision making has been a subject of great discussion since long. The application of a mind, which is in not a strict sense judicial, the presence of arbitral preferences coupled with the fact of discretion allowed to the executive in decision making, more often than not, carries the impression of whims and caprices being involved while such decision has been taken. Related essay: AK Kraipak CaseThe question of why at all this is so, is to be answered not from a legal but from a humanitarian standpoint. Each human differs from other and when subjective satisfaction of a group of individuals is concerned, the executive wing of the state in the present case; it is bound to happen that one there will be a number of groups who do not agree with the decision so taken for they have their own criteria’s and yardsticks to measure the same. Possibly, the same is the case with administrative decision making.When the Government is satisfied, based upon the material considered and issues involved, that a given decision is appropriate for a circumstances, it may equivocally be true that it may not satisfy each and every individual concerned with the similar set of issues and therefore there may arise a conflict. History is full of examples and is enriching day by day of the instances in which executive decisions have been challenged on grounds of they being arbitrary, suffering from mala fide, based on non-satisfactory grounds, irrational, to name a few of them.The study of one such instance forms the essence of this paper. The decision of the Government of India to disinvest M/s Bharat Aluminum Company Limited, popularly known as BALCO was challenged by the employees of BALCO , State of Chattisgarh and by some public spirited individuals before various High Court and finally before the Supreme Court . It was challenged that the decision to disinvest BALCO was contrary to the legal and social interests of the employees as well as certain other legal issues were raised by different parties .The present study is to analyse the judgment of the Supreme Court in the instant case with a critical angle and also trace its legal impact with a special focus on the impact it has made upon Administrative law. To introduce the case, it would be advisable to dwell in the broad frame the case dealt with rather than to deal with the precise fac ts and issues. To categorize, the case dealt with a challenge to the administrative power of the Government on the matter of disinvestment of its stake in a government company as regards the procedure followed while so deciding and also the provisions that needs to be examined while deciding the issue.On a broader level, an administrative policy was under a challenge before the Court. The precise impact that this decision, therefore, had was on the level of administrative discretion that the executive enjoyed in the selection of and following of a policy which had a vital impact on the economic position of the country . Nevertheless, the answer of the Supreme Court has been affirmative and it was categorical in mentioning that unless the policy adopted by the government suffered from the vires of illegality or malafide .Not stopping at this, the Court also gave a substantive reflection on the aspect of natural rights and their applicability as regards the choice of administrative po licy . For a detailed analysis and to have a diverse perspective, the study has been divided into different chapters which deal with a host of issues involved in the case and for having a varied dimension. II. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FACTS OF THE CASE The case arose to challenge the validity of the decision of the Union of India to disinvest and transfer 51% shares of M/s Bharat Aluminum Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as ‘BALCO’).The case was filed by way of a writ petition by the BALCO Employees’ Union by filing Writ Petition No. 2249 of 1999 in the High Court of Delhi when upon the recommendation of the Disinvestment Commission, the Cabinet Committee on Disinvestment approved the sale of 51% of the shares of BALCO to private ownership and thus reducing the status of the company from a Government Company to a private enterprise . Further, upon the same issue, a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) was filed by one Dr. B. L. Wadhera in the Delhi High Cou rt and similarly writ petition filed by Mr.Samund Singh Kanwar in the High Court of Chattisgarh wherein different steps of the disinvestment procedure were challenged. With the filing of the writ petitions in the High Court of Delhi and in the High Court of Chattisgarh, an application for transfer of the petitions was filed by the Union of India in the Supreme Court and by Order dated 9thApril, 2001, the writ petitions which were pending in the High Court of Delhi and Chattisgarh were transferred to the Supreme Court . CONTENTION OF THE PARTIES (A) On behalf of the BALCO Employees' Union.Before disinvestment, the entire paid-up capital of BALCO was owned and controlled by the Government of India and its administrative control co-vested in the Ministry of Mines. BALCO was, therefore, a State within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution . Therefore, by the reason of disinvestment the workmen had lost their right and protection under Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. This was an adverse civil consequence and, therefore, they had a right to be heard before and during the process of disinvestment .The type of consultation with the workmen which was necessary was, whether BALCO should go through the process of disinvestment; who should be the strategic partner; and how should the bid of the strategic partner be evaluated. It was further submitted that the workmen had reason to believe that apart from the sale of 51% of the shares in favour of Sterlite Industries the Agreement postulated that balance 49% will also be sold to them with the result that when normally in such cases 5% of the shares are disinvested in favour of the employees the same would not happen in the present case . B) On behalf of the Union of India It was submitted that disinvestment had become imperative both in the case of Centre and the States primarily for three reasons: a. Firstly, despite every effort the rate of returns of governmental enterprises had been woefully low, exclud ing the sectors in which government have a monopoly and for which they can, therefore, charge any price. The rate of return on central enterprises came to minus 4% while the cost at which the government borrows money is at the rate of 10 to 11%.In the States out of 946 State level enterprises, above 241 were not working at all; about 551 were making losses and 100 were reported not to be submitting their accounts at all . b. Secondly, neither the Centre nor the States have resources to sustain enterprises that are not able to stand on their own in the new environment of intense competition . c. Thirdly, despite repeated efforts it was not possible to change the work culture of governmental enterprises .As a result, even the strongest among them have been sinking into increasing difficulties as the environment is more and more competitive and technological change has become faster. Further it was submitted that the wisdom and advisability of economic policies of Government are not am enable to judicial review . It was not for Courts to consider the relative merits of different economic policies. Court was not the forum for resolving the conflicting clauses regarding the wisdom or advisability of policy.III. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DECISION Besides the dispute that arose between the employees and the Government of India, the major controversy that arose as regards the Union’s decision to disinvest was on political lines. It was an accusation by the state Chief Minister that there were irregularities committed by the Union in coming up to disinvestment decision as well as the decisions suffered from arbitrary exercise of power and malafide .Another important factor which can be observed from a careful reading of the decision is that though the case was primarily to challenge the policy of disinvestment as being adopted and followed by the Union of India, the matter, as decided by the Supreme Court, revolved primarily around the rights of the employees an d their consequent protection after BALCO had actually been disinvested . The Court declined to review the policy decision of the Union Government on the adoption of a policy of disinvestment though in fact it was tried to be justified on behalf of the Union as reflected from the submissions of the Attorney General .Thus it can be said that the Court actually did not, at any stage, examine the correctness of the disinvestment policy for India. The Court tried to evade deciding upon this issue and thus giving it a name of administrative policy, it was approved. It is also important to note while laying down the decision the significance of the judgment far transcended the specifics of the BALCO transaction as it enunciates far-reaching principles that will influence the tenor of jurisprudence on economic affairs for long.The most pertinent example is of the case of Centre for Public Interest Litigation v. Union of India wherein the disinvestment of Hindustan Petroleum Company Limited (HPCL) and Bharat Petroleum Company Limited (BPCL) was approved on the grounds that since the disinvestment of BALCO was already allowed therefore there is no case made out whereby it could be proved unsuited to the Indian context though, in reality the process of disinvestment was never in fact approved in the BALCO case based upon the merits of the case .It is important to note that in the specific case of the alleged malfeasance in the case of BALCO, the Court categorically stated that â€Å"the facts herein show that fair, just and equitable procedure has been followed in carrying out this disinvestment. The allegations of lack of transparency or that the decision was taken in a hurry, or that there has been an arbitrary exercise of power are without any basis. It is a matter of regret that on behalf of the State of Chattisgarh such allegations against the Union of India have been made without any basis.We strongly deprecate such unfounded averments which have been made by an officer of the said State. † Thus the judgment was not simply a strong rebuke to the credibility of the Chief Minister Mr. Ajit Jogi, it also served to forestall further challenges by state governments on the federal government’s prerogatives on privatization . Also, the Court circumscribed the extent to which matters of economic policy and disinvestment in particular, and consequently matters of policy, shall be scrutinized by courts .The Court was categorical in stating that ‘‘it is neither within the domain of the Courts nor the scope of judicial review to embark upon an enquiry as to whether a particular policy is wise or whether a better public policy can be evolved. Nor are our Courts inclined to strike down a particular policy at the behest of a petitioner merely because it has been urged that a different policy would have been fairer or wiser or more scientific or more logical. Parliament is the proper forum for questioning such policy. Thus the Cour t held that such disputes were beyond the realm of judicial determination and were left to the legislature to have circumspection over such executive policies. Also, aware of the economic costs of the plant closure as a result of the judicial intervention, the Court for the first time declared that, ‘‘No ex parte relief by way of injunction or stay especially with respect to public projects and schemes or economic policies or schemes should be granted.It is only when the Court is satisfied for good and valid reasons that there will be irreparable and irretrievable damage can an injunction be issued after hearing all the parties. ’’ As a sort of warning, the Court sought to deprecate the excessive use of PILs as a medium to thrash government policies which were prima facie genuine and correct. It thus added, â€Å"the Petitioner should be put on appropriate terms such as providing an indemnity or an adequate undertaking to make good the loss or damage in th e event the PIL is dismissed. ’ It categorically held that ‘‘every matter of public interest or curiosity cannot be the subject matter of PIL. Courts are not intended to and nor should they conduct the administration of the country. Courts will interfere only if there is a clear violation of Constitutional or statutory provisions or noncompliance by the State with its Constitutional or statutory duties. ’ In regard to disinvestment specifically, it held, ‘‘The decision to disinvest and the implementation thereof is purely an administrative decision relating to the economic policy of the State and challenge to the same at the instance of a busybody cannot fall within the parameters of Public Interest Litigation. ’’ The Court also specified the contours of the rights of labour when policy changes were affected, for instance when the Government disinvests its equity in an enterprise.While holding that in the BALCO disinvestment case, the Government had exerted itself to protect the interests of employees of the company, more generally it was open for the Government, like any other employer, to take workers along, to keep them informed about prospective changes and to allay their apprehensions but, labour could not claim a right, either on the basis of natural justice or any other foundation, to be consulted, or the right to receive prior notice, or to be consulted at every stage of the process .The Court also specially held that ‘‘even a government servant, having the protection of not only Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution but also of Article 311, had no absolute right to remain in service’’ and therefore the decision to change the control of the company from government to private hands was the sole prerogative of the government and could not be challenged by the employees. IV. IMPLICATIONS THAT FOLLOWED THE JUDGMENT It is true that the decision given by the Court in the BALCO cas e was based upon a sound appreciation of arguments, yet there are many implications which may follow pursuant to the decision.The major emphasis is on the policy of disinvestment. Though the Court did not go into the merits of the disinvestment policy per se yet, it did silently approve the policy to be followed by the Union . Thus the court supported the revival of the national economic with the support of private lines. The earlier policy of socialist economy, as upon which the Constitution was based and is as well enshrined in the Preamble, read with the State’s duty to avoid concentration of wealth in private hands as envisaged under the Directive Principles was not considered an appropriate solution for meeting the present day need i. . boosting the national economic growth . The observations of the Court on the aspect of natural justice may have been insignificant in terms of words spoken on it or portion of the judgment dealing with it yet; the impact which it has crea ted is enormous. The Court held that the principles of natural justice did not apply even in case the rights of the employees were affected as regards the change of their employer . They were not even given an opportunity to be heard and this was the sole bone of contention.For the very reason that Sterlite industries (the buyer) had given an undertaking that no employee of BALCO would be removed and the government had taken sufficient steps towards the protection of the employees, they had no reason to be heard. Employees, being connected with the manufacturing and other process in a much closer manner than any other body had, at least, the minimum right to put their views before the Court. Thus the participation of employees in the betterment of their organisation at the Board level was also discouraged.An important fact that may have evaded the critics was the method of computation of BALCO’s capital. Of the three different methods, the accounting method adopted for arrivi ng at the reserve price for the sale of BALCO was the one with the lowest result . It was never questioned by the Court. Thus it can be used in later cases before the Court that the method adopted by the Government is beyond judicial review too as it falls within the ambit of administrative discretion too . It may seem to be a remote issue nevertheless may be raised in the Courts.Further, the Court never did accept or uphold that disinvestment as a policy per se was a good policy to be implemented in the pursuance of national economic growth. Yet it was so stated in the later case wherein the disinvestment of HPCL and BPCL was challenged and it was contended by the Union of India that the policy of disinvestment was upheld by the Supreme Court in the BALCO case . These are some of the implications that may arise pursuant to the decision of the Supreme Court in the matter of the BALCO disinvestment process, as being conceived by the researcher.V. CONCLUSION The Supreme Court, in the celebrated case of Ram Jawaya Kapoor v. State of Punjab, observed thus, â€Å"the executive function comprises both the determination of policy as well as carrying into execution. The evidently includes the initiation of legislation, the maintenance of order, the promotion of social and economic welfare, the direction of foreign policy, in fact the carrying on or supervision of the general administration of the State† . Thus we find that the determination of policy has always been within the domain of the Executive.Therefore there remains no doubt that the government had the power to decide as to the adoption of a policy of disinvestment. It is this very precise reason that the same could not have been challenged successfully before the Court. Thus, it was challenged indirectly by taking the stand that such a policy would under the legal and constitutional rights of the employees of BALCO . Thus we find that the litigation, the reason for challenge and the motive behind such a challenge were flawed from its very beginning. The success of the petition was, therefore, never guaranteed.The main reason seems more of so political rather than legal, which initiated the present litigation. Nevertheless the Court was categorical in dealing with the issues. It laid to rest its critics while also issuing a stern warning that Public Interest Litigation should not be used as a means to invalidate policy decisions of government which in ordinary course were beyond judicial review. The Court also severely deprecated the action of the State officials who accused the Union Government of malafide and abuse without stating firm grounds for the same.On the aspect of the impact that the decision has created on administrative law, it can be said that it was not much except for the fact that it reiterated certain fundamental principles which had already been incorporated in the Indian legal stream. The fact of the administrative discretion and power to adopt and implement po licy decisions being beyond the scope of judicial review unless it suffered from illegalities or malafide was upheld .Further the Court upheld that there was no violation of principles of natural justice by non-hearing of the employees in the entire disinvestment process as it was purely a matter of administrative choice wherein the employees had no stake. It may be hard to adjust but seems to be a sound legal principle indeed. After all the rights of the employees were protected under different labour and industrial legislations no matter who the employer was. Thus accepting the fact that they had an interest in the management of the company yet, it was not incumbent or essential to take their views before deciding the entire process.The silent approval of the disinvestment process by the Apex Court also symbolizes the fact that the Court also feels it in the interest of national interests and the economy on the whole. This the Court expounded in a later case when it approved the s ale of HPCL and BPCL on similar lines as BALCO. Thus, on a whole, though the case may failed to give any novel concept, yet it is landmark of its own kind. It was an attempt on the part of the Court to define its own limits on judicial review. It also stretched the scope for the exercise of administrative powers in making policy decision. REFERENCESARTICLES: 1. Devesh Kapur and Ravi Ramamurti, Privatization in India: The Imperatives and Consequences of Gradualism, (Center For Research On Economic Development And Policy Reform, 2003, Last visited on September 7th, 2011). 2. Presentation on Disinvestment, as presented by the Union of India at the OECD CONFERENCE on Privatisation, Employment and Employees, 10-11 OCTOBER 2002, Turkey, Last visited on September 7th, 2011). 3. Shankar Acharya, India’s Macroeconomic Management In The Nineties, (As Prepared For Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations, 2001, ; http://www. crier. org/; Last visited on September 7th, 2011). 4. T. N. Srinivasan, Economic Reforms and Global Integration, (Policy Paper, as presented to Center for Research on Economic Development and Policy Reform, Stanford University, 2001). 5. V. Sridhar, Battle over Balco, (The Frontline, Volume 18 – Issue 06, Mar. 17 – 30, 2001, Last visited on September 7th, 2011). BOOKS: 1. Jain & Jain, Principles of Administrative Law, (Wadhwa & Co. , Nagpur, 4th edition, 2003). 2. I. P. Messy, Principles of Adminstrative Law, (Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2003).

Outcomes Of Alternative And Complementary Therapy On Older...

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